Please download the PDF for a comprehensive overview of all details, presented clearly through infographics.
References
1. Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson, Mark, et al. Brukner & Khan´s Clinical Sports Medicine. 5th ed. Vol. 1. North Ryde, Australia: McGraw-Hill; 2017.
2. Hoenig T, Ackerman KE, Beck BR, Bouxsein ML, Burr DB, Hollander K, et al. Bone stress injuries. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2022 Apr 28;8(1):26.
3. Knobloch AC, Caulkins BK, Rennicke JC, Do KH, Covey CJ. Bone Stress Injuries in Endurance Athletes: A Review of Risk Factors, Screening and Evaluation Pearls, Preventive Strategies, and Evidence-Based Management Approaches. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2025 Sep 1;24(9):281–91.
4. Mandell JC, Khurana B, Smith SE. Stress fractures of the foot and ankle, part 2: site-specific etiology, imaging, and treatment, and differential diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol. 2017 Sep 1;46(9):1165–86.
5. Kijowski R, Choi J, Shinki K, Del Rio AM, De Smet A. Validation of MRI Classification System for Tibial Stress Injuries. Am J Roentgenol. 2012 Apr 1;198(4):878–84.
6. Saxena A, Behan SA, Valerio DL, Frosch DL. Navicular Stress Fracture Outcomes in Athletes: Analysis of 62 Injuries. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2017 Sep;56(5):943–8.
7. Rohena-Quinquilla IR, Rohena-Quinquilla FJ, Scully WF, Evanson JRL. Femoral Neck Stress Injuries: Analysis of 156 Cases in a U.S. Military Population and Proposal of a New MRI Classification System. Am J Roentgenol. 2018 Mar 1;210(3):601–7.
8. Steele CE, Cochran G, Renninger C, Deafenbaugh B, Kuhn KM. Femoral Neck Stress Fractures: MRI Risk Factors for Progression. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(17):1496–502.
9. Torg JS, Balduini FC, Zelko RR, Pavlov H, Peff TC, Das M. Fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal distal to the tuberosity. Classification and guidelines for non-surgical and surgical management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(2):209–14.
10. Hollenberg GM, Beattie PF, Meyers SP, Weinberg EP, Adams MJ. Stress reactions of the lumbar pars interarticularis: the development of a new MRI classification system. Spine. 2002 Jan 2;27(2):181–6.
11. Henderson R, Shirodkar K, Jenko N, James S, Bhogal G, Mostert G, et al. Overview of Radiological Classification Systems for Pars Interarticularis Stress Injuries—and Proposal of the BROPI Classification. Acad Radiol. 2025 May;32(5):2847–53.
12. Sayani J, Stott P. Stress Fractures Aetiology & Management Principles. Orthop Trauma. 2020;34(3):124–30.
13. Kaeding CC, Yu JR, Wright R, Amendola A, Spindler KP. Management and Return to Play after Stress Fractures. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(6):442–7.
14. Nattiv A, Kennedy G, Barrack MT, Abdelkerim A, Goolsby MA, Arends JC, et al. Correlation of MRI Grading of Bone Stress Injuries With Clinical Risk Factors and Return to Play: A 5-Year Prospective Study in Collegiate Track and Field Athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Jul 3;48(1):1930–41.
15. Hoenig T, Tenforde AS, Strahl A, Rolvien T, Hollander K. Does Magnetic Resonance Imaging Grading Correlate With Return to Sports After Bone Stress Injuries? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2021;50(3):834–44.
16. Hoenig T, Eissele J, Strahl A, Popp KL, Stürznickel J, Ackerman KE, et al. Return to sport following low-risk and high-risk bone stress injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(7):427–32.
17. Ekstrand J, Torstveit MK. Stress fractures in elite male football player. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012 Jun;22(3):341–6.
18. Pearce CJ, Brooks JHM, Kemp SPT, Calder JDF. The epidemiology of foot injuries in professional rugby union players. Foot Ankle Surg. 2011 Sep 1;17(3):113–8.
19. Alonso WJM, Hoenig T, Hollander K, Tenforde A. Bone Stress Injuries. State-of-the-art approach to managing stress fractures in track and field athletes. Aspetar Sports Med J. 2024 Apr 29;13:150–7.
20. McInnis KC, Ramey LN. High-Risk Stress Fractures: Diagnosis and Management. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2016 Mar;8(3):S113–24.
Header Image by filip bossuyt (Cropped)